Transparency and opacity describe the relationship between a word and the word parts that make it up—that is, how easy it is to identify the word parts within the larger word.

Teaching with cognates can help multilingual learners draw on prior knowledge to understand new vocabulary.

Using shared words between languages, or cognates, can improve reading skills for multilingual learners.

Morphemes are the smallest unit of meaning in language. Morphological ability—using morphemes to produce and understand language—supports both word recognition and language comprehension processes.

Collaborative strategic reading (CSR) is a research-based, whole-group comprehension strategy that has been linked to improvements in comprehension of expository texts, such as those in social studies classes.

Teaching vocabulary using Semantic Feature Analysis can help students learn science concepts.

Teaching a word through explicit vocabulary instruction involves multiple steps to ensure deeper student understanding of essential words and increased reading comprehension.

Explicit vocabulary instruction should involve thoughtful selection of which words will be taught to ensure word learning is targeted and effective.