Transparency and opacity describe the relationship between a word and the word parts that make it up—that is, how easy it is to identify the word parts within the larger word.

Collaborative strategic reading (CSR) is a research-based, whole-group comprehension strategy that has been linked to improvements in comprehension of expository texts, such as those in social studies classes.

We explore the findings of Silverman et al. (2020) as they examine the effects of explicit language comprehension on various language and literacy outcomes.

Teach students to use phonology, orthography, syntax, semantics, understanding, and morphology in the process of learning new vocabulary words.